Part 91: General Operating and Flight Rules

Subpart A—General

• 91.1 - Applicability.
• 91.3 - Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
• 91.5 - Pilot in command of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
• 91.7 - Civil aircraft airworthiness.
• 91.9 - Civil aircraft flight manual, marking, and placard requirements.
• 91.11 - Prohibition on interference with crewmembers.
• 91.13 - Careless or reckless operation.
• 91.15 - Dropping objects.
• 91.17 - Alcohol or drugs.
• 91.19 - Carriage of narcotic drugs, marihuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances.
• 91.21 - Portable electronic devices.
• 91.23 - Truth-in-leasing clause requirement in leases and conditional sales contracts.
• 91.25 - Aviation Safety Reporting Program: Prohibition against use of reports for enforcement purposes.
• 91.27–91.99 - [Reserved]

Subpart B—Flight Rules

• 91.101 - Applicability.
• 91.103 - Preflight action.
• 91.105 - Flight crewmembers at stations.
• 91.107 - Use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, and child restraint systems.
• 91.108 - Use of supplemental restraint systems.
• 91.109 - Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests.
• 91.111 - Operating near other aircraft.
• 91.113 - Right-of-way rules: Except water operations.
• 91.115 - Right-of-way rules: Water operations.
• 91.117 - Aircraft speed.
• 91.119 - Minimum safe altitudes: General.
• 91.121 - Altimeter settings.
• 91.123 - Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions.
• 91.125 - ATC light signals.
• 91.126 - Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class G airspace.
• 91.127 - Operating on or in the vicinity of an airport in Class E airspace.
• 91.129 - Operations in Class D airspace.
• 91.130 - Operations in Class C airspace.
• 91.131 - Operations in Class B airspace.
• 91.133 - Restricted and prohibited areas.
• 91.135 - Operations in Class A airspace.
• 91.137 - Temporary flight restrictions in the vicinity of disaster/hazard areas.
• 91.138 - Temporary flight restrictions in national disaster areas in the State of Hawaii.
• 91.139 - Emergency air traffic rules.
• 91.141 - Flight restrictions in the proximity of the Presidential and other parties.
• 91.143 - Flight limitation in the proximity of space flight operations.
• 91.144 - Temporary restriction on flight operations during abnormally high barometric pressure conditions.
• 91.145 - Management of aircraft operations in the vicinity of aerial demonstrations and major sporting events.
• 91.146 - Passenger-carrying flights for the benefit of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event.
• 91.147 - Passenger-carrying flights for compensation or hire.
• 91.148–91.149 - [Reserved]
• 91.151 - Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.
• 91.153 - VFR flight plan: Information required.
• 91.155 - Basic VFR weather minimums.
• 91.157 - Special VFR weather minimums.
• 91.159 - VFR cruising altitude or flight level.
• 91.161 - Special awareness training required for pilots flying under visual flight rules within a 60-nautical mile radius of the Washington, DC VOR/DME.
• 91.162–91.165 - [Reserved]
• 91.167 - Fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions.
• 91.169 - IFR flight plan: Information required.
• 91.171 - VOR equipment check for IFR operations.
• 91.173 - ATC clearance and flight plan required.
• 91.175 - Takeoff and landing under IFR.
• 91.176 - Straight-in landing operations below DA/DH or MDA using an enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) under IFR.
• 91.177 - Minimum altitudes for IFR operations.
• 91.179 - IFR cruising altitude or flight level.
• 91.180 - Operations within airspace designated as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum airspace.
• 91.181 - Course to be flown.
• 91.183 - IFR communications.
• 91.185 - IFR operations: Two-way radio communications failure.
• 91.187 - Operation under IFR in controlled airspace: Malfunction reports.
• 91.189 - Category II and III operations: General operating rules.
• 91.191 - Category II and Category III manual.
• 91.193 - Certificate of authorization for certain Category II operations.
• 91.195–91.199 - [Reserved]

Subpart C—Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements

• 91.201 - [Reserved]
• 91.203 - Civil aircraft: Certifications required.
• 91.205 - Powered civil aircraft with standard U.S. airworthiness certificates: Instrument and equipment requirements
• 91.207 - Emergency locator transmitters.
• 91.209 - Aircraft lights.
• 91.211 - Supplemental oxygen.
• 91.213 - Inoperative instruments and equipment.
• 91.215 - ATC transponder and altitude reporting equipment and use.
• 91.217 - Data correspondence between automatically reported pressure altitude data and the pilot’s altitude reference.
• 91.219 - Altitude alerting system or device: Turbojet-powered civil airplanes.
• 91.221 - Traffic alert and collision avoidance system equipment and use.
• 91.223 - Terrain awareness and warning system.
• 91.225 - Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment and use.
• 91.227 - Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) Out equipment performance requirements.
• 91.228–91.299 - [Reserved]

Subpart D—Special Flight Operations

• 91.301 - [Reserved]
• 91.303 - Aerobatic flight.
• 91.305 - Flight test areas.
• 91.307 - Parachutes and parachuting.
• 91.309 - Towing: Gliders and unpowered ultralight vehicles.
• 91.311 - Towing: Other than under §91.309.
• 91.313 - Restricted category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
• 91.315 - Limited category civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
• 91.317 - Provisionally certificated civil aircraft: Operating limitations.
• 91.319 - Aircraft having experimental certificates: Operating limitations.
• 91.321 - Carriage of candidates in elections.
• 91.323 - Increased maximum certificated weights for certain airplanes operated in Alaska.
• 91.325 - Primary category aircraft: Operating limitations.
• 91.326 - Exception to operating certain aircraft for the purposes of flight training, flightcrew member checking, or flightcrew member testing.
• 91.327 - Aircraft having a special airworthiness certificate in the light-sport category: Operating limitations.
• 91.328–91.399 - [Reserved]

Subpart E—Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, and Alterations

• 91.401 - Applicability.
• 91.403 - General.
• 91.405 - Maintenance required.
• 91.407 - Operation after maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration.
• 91.409 - Inspections.
• 91.410 - [Reserved]
• 91.411 - Altimeter system and altitude reporting equipment tests and inspections.
• 91.413 - ATC transponder tests and inspections.
• 91.415 - Changes to aircraft inspection programs.
• 91.417 - Maintenance records.
• 91.419 - Transfer of maintenance records.
• 91.421 - Rebuilt engine maintenance records.
• 91.423–91.499 - [Reserved]

Subpart F—Large and Turbine-Powered Multiengine Airplanes and Fractional Ownership Program Aircraft

• 91.501 - Applicability.
• 91.503 - Flying equipment and operating information.
• 91.505 - Familiarity with operating limitations and emergency equipment.
• 91.507 - Equipment requirements: Over-the-top or night VFR operations.
• 91.509 - Survival equipment for overwater operations.
• 91.511 - Communication and navigation equipment for overwater operations.
• 91.513 - Emergency equipment.
• 91.515 - Flight altitude rules.
• 91.517 - Passenger information.
• 91.519 - Passenger briefing.
• 91.521 - Shoulder harness.
• 91.523 - Carry-on baggage.
• 91.525 - Carriage of cargo.
• 91.527 - Operating in icing conditions.
• 91.529 - Flight engineer requirements.
• 91.531 - Second-in-command requirements.
• 91.533 - Flight attendant requirements.
• 91.535 - Stowage of food, beverage, and passenger service equipment during aircraft movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing.
• 91.536–91.599 - [Reserved]

Subpart G—Additional Equipment and Operating Requirements for Large and Transport Category Aircraft

• 91.601 - Applicability.
• 91.603 - Aural speed warning device.
• 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations.
• 91.607 - Emergency exits for airplanes carrying passengers for hire.
• 91.609 - Flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders.
• 91.611 - Authorization for ferry flight with one engine inoperative.
• 91.613 - Materials for compartment interiors.
• 91.615–91.699 - [Reserved]

Subpart H—Foreign Aircraft Operations and Operations of U.S.-Registered Civil Aircraft Outside of the United States; and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft

• 91.701 - Applicability.
• 91.702 - Persons on board.
• 91.703 - Operations of civil aircraft of U.S. registry outside of the United States.
• 91.705 - [Reserved]
• 91.706 - Operations within airspace designated as Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum Airspace.
• 91.707 - Flights between Mexico or Canada and the United States.
• 91.709 - Operations to Cuba.
• 91.711 - Special rules for foreign civil aircraft.
• 91.713 - Operation of civil aircraft of Cuban registry.
• 91.715 - Special flight authorizations for foreign civil aircraft.
• 91.717–91.799 - [Reserved]

Subpart I—Operating Noise Limits

• 91.801 - Applicability: Relation to Part 36.
• 91.803 - Part 125 operators: Designation of applicable regulations.
• 91.805 - Final compliance: Subsonic airplanes.
• 91.807–91.813 - [Reserved]
• 91.815 - Agricultural and fire fighting airplanes: Noise operating limitations.
• 91.817 - Civil aircraft sonic boom.
• 91.818 - Special flight authorization to exceed Mach 1.
• 91.819 - Civil supersonic airplanes that do not comply with part 36.
• 91.821 - Civil supersonic airplanes: Noise limits.
• 91.823–91.849 - [Reserved]
• 91.851 - Definitions.
• 91.853 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic airplanes.
• 91.855 - Entry and nonaddition rule.
• 91.857 - Stage 2 operations outside of the 48 contiguous United States.
• 91.858 - Special flight authorizations for non-revenue Stage 2 operations.
• 91.859 - Modification to meet Stage 3, Stage 4, or Stage 5 noise levels.
• 91.861 - Base level.
• 91.863 - Transfers of Stage 2 airplanes with base level.
• 91.865 - Phased compliance for operators with base level.
• 91.867 - Phased compliance for new entrants.
• 91.869 - Carry-forward compliance.
• 91.871 - Waivers from interim compliance requirements.
• 91.873 - Waivers from final compliance.
• 91.875 - Annual progress reports.
• 91.877 - Annual reporting of Hawaiian operations.
• 91.879–91.880 - [Reserved]
• 91.881 - Final compliance: Civil subsonic jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less.
• 91.883 - Special flight authorizations for jet airplanes weighing 75,000 pounds or less.
• 91.884–91.899 - [Reserved]

Subpart J—Waivers

• 91.901 - [Reserved]
• 91.903 - Policy and procedures.
• 91.905 - List of rules subject to waivers.
• 91.907–91.999 - [Reserved]

Subpart K—Fractional Ownership Operations

• 91.1001 - Applicability.
• 91.1002 - Compliance date.
• 91.1003 - Management contract between owner and program manager.
• 91.1005 - Prohibitions and limitations.
• 91.1007 - Flights conducted under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter.
• 91.1009 - Clarification of operational control.
• 91.1011 - Operational control responsibilities and delegation.
• 91.1013 - Operational control briefing and acknowledgment.
• 91.1014 - Issuing or denying management specifications.
• 91.1015 - Management specifications.
• 91.1017 - Amending program manager’s management specifications.
• 91.1019 - Conducting tests and inspections.
• 91.1021 - Internal safety reporting and incident/accident response.
• 91.1023 - Program operating manual requirements.
• 91.1025 - Program operating manual contents.
• 91.1027 - Recordkeeping.
• 91.1029 - Flight scheduling and locating requirements.
• 91.1031 - Pilot in command or second in command: Designation required.
• 91.1033 - Operating information required.
• 91.1035 - Passenger awareness.
• 91.1037 - Large transport category airplanes: Turbine engine powered; Limitations; Destination and alternate airports.
• 91.1039 - IFR takeoff, approach and landing minimums.
• 91.1041 - Aircraft proving and validation tests.
• 91.1043 - [Reserved]
• 91.1045 - Additional equipment requirements.
• 91.1047 - Drug and alcohol misuse education program.
• 91.1049 - Personnel.
• 91.1050 - Employment of former FAA employees.
• 91.1053 - Crewmember experience.
• 91.1055 - Pilot operating limitations and pairing requirement.
• 91.1057 - Flight, duty and rest time requirements: All crewmembers.
• 91.1059 - Flight time limitations and rest requirements: One or two pilot crews.
• 91.1061 - Augmented flight crews.
• 91.1062 - Duty periods and rest requirements: Flight attendants.
• 91.1063 - Testing and training: Applicability and terms used.
• 91.1065 - Initial and recurrent pilot testing requirements.
• 91.1067 - Initial and recurrent flight attendant crewmember testing requirements.
• 91.1069 - Flight crew: Instrument proficiency check requirements.
• 91.1071 - Crewmember: Tests and checks, grace provisions, training to accepted standards.
• 91.1073 - Training program: General.
• 91.1075 - Training program: Special rules.
• 91.1077 - Training program and revision: Initial and final approval.
• 91.1079 - Training program: Curriculum.
• 91.1081 - Crewmember training requirements.
• 91.1083 - Crewmember emergency training.
• 91.1085 - Hazardous materials recognition training.
• 91.1087 - Approval of aircraft simulators and other training devices.
• 91.1089 - Qualifications: Check pilots (aircraft) and check pilots (simulator).
• 91.1091 - Qualifications: Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator).
• 91.1093 - Initial and transition training and checking: Check pilots (aircraft), check pilots (simulator).
• 91.1095 - Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator).
• 91.1097 - Pilot and flight attendant crewmember training programs.
• 91.1099 - Crewmember initial and recurrent training requirements.
• 91.1101 - Pilots: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training.
• 91.1103 - Pilots: Initial, transition, upgrade, requalification, and differences flight training.
• 91.1105 - Flight attendants: Initial and transition ground training.
• 91.1107 - Recurrent training.
• 91.1109 - Aircraft maintenance: Inspection program.
• 91.1111 - Maintenance training.
• 91.1113 - Maintenance recordkeeping.
• 91.1115 - Inoperable instruments and equipment.
• 91.1411 - Continuous airworthiness maintenance program use by fractional ownership program manager.
• 91.1413 - CAMP: Responsibility for airworthiness.
• 91.1415 - CAMP: Mechanical reliability reports.
• 91.1417 - CAMP: Mechanical interruption summary report.
• 91.1423 - CAMP: Maintenance organization.
• 91.1425 - CAMP: Maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration programs.
• 91.1427 - CAMP: Manual requirements.
• 91.1429 - CAMP: Required inspection personnel.
• 91.1431 - CAMP: Continuing analysis and surveillance.
• 91.1433 - CAMP: Maintenance and preventive maintenance training program.
• 91.1435 - CAMP: Certificate requirements.
• 91.1437 - CAMP: Authority to perform and approve maintenance.
• 91.1439 - CAMP: Maintenance recording requirements.
• 91.1441 - CAMP: Transfer of maintenance records.
• 91.1443 - CAMP: Airworthiness release or aircraft maintenance log entry.

Subpart L—Continued Airworthiness and Safety Improvements

• 91.1501 - Purpose and definition.
• 91.1503 - [Reserved]
• 91.1505 - Repairs assessment for pressurized fuselages.
• 91.1507 - Fuel tank system inspection program.

Subpart M—Special Federal Aviation Regulations

• 91.1603 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 112—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Libya.
• 91.1605 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 77—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Baghdad Flight Information Region (FIR) (ORBB).
• 91.1607 - [Reserved]
• 91.1609 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 114—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Damascus Flight Information Region (FIR) (OSTT).
• 91.1611 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 115—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in Specified Areas of the Sanaa Flight Information Region (FIR) (OYSC).
• 91.1613 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 107—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Territory and Airspace of Somalia.
• 91.1615 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 79—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Pyongyang Flight Information Region (FIR) (ZKKP).
• 91.1617 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 117—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Tehran Flight Information Region (FIR) (OIIX).
• 91.1619 - Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 119—Prohibition Against Certain Flights in the Kabul Flight Information Region (FIR) (OAKX).

Subpart N—Mitsubishi MU–2B Series Special Training, Experience, and Operating Requirements

• 91.1701 - Applicability.
• 91.1703 - Compliance and eligibility.
• 91.1705 - Required pilot training.
• 91.1707 - Training program hours.
• 91.1709 - Training program approval.
• 91.1711 - Aeronautical experience.
• 91.1713 - Instruction, checking, and evaluation.
• 91.1715 - Currency requirements and flight review.
• 91.1717 - Operating requirements.
• 91.1719 - Credit for prior training.
• 91.1721 - Incorporation by reference.