Part 25: Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes
Subpart A—General
- 25.1 - Applicability.
- 25.2 - Special retroactive requirements.
- 25.3 - Special provisions for ETOPS type design approvals.
- 25.4 - Definitions.
- 25.5 - Incorporations by reference.
Subpart B—Flight
- 25.21 - Proof of compliance.
- 25.23 - Load distribution limits.
- 25.25 - Weight limits.
- 25.27 - Center of gravity limits.
- 25.29 - Empty weight and corresponding center of gravity.
- 25.31 - Removable ballast.
- 25.33 - Propeller speed and pitch limits.
- 25.101 - General.
- 25.103 - Stall speed.
- 25.105 - Takeoff.
- 25.107 - Takeoff speeds.
- 25.109 - Accelerate-stop distance.
- 25.111 - Takeoff path.
- 25.113 - Takeoff distance and takeoff run.
- 25.115 - Takeoff flight path.
- 25.117 - Climb: general.
- 25.119 - Landing climb: All-engines-operating.
- 25.121 - Climb: One-engine-inoperative.
- 25.123 - En route flight paths.
- 25.125 - Landing.
- 25.143 - General.
- 25.145 - Longitudinal control.
- 25.147 - Directional and lateral control.
- 25.149 - Minimum control speed.
- 25.161 - Trim.
- 25.171 - General.
- 25.173 - Static longitudinal stability.
- 25.175 - Demonstration of static longitudinal stability.
- 25.177 - Static lateral-directional stability.
- 25.181 - Dynamic stability.
- 25.201 - Stall demonstration.
- 25.203 - Stall characteristics.
- 25.207 - Stall warning.
- 25.231 - Longitudinal stability and control.
- 25.233 - Directional stability and control.
- 25.235 - Taxiing condition.
- 25.237 - Wind velocities.
- 25.239 - Spray characteristics, control, and stability on water.
- 25.251 - Vibration and buffeting.
- 25.253 - High-speed characteristics.
- 25.255 - Out-of-trim characteristics.
Subpart C—Structure
- 25.301 - Loads.
- 25.302 - Interaction of systems and structures.
- 25.303 - Factor of safety.
- 25.305 - Strength and deformation.
- 25.307 - Proof of structure.
- 25.321 - General.
- 25.331 - Symmetric maneuvering conditions.
- 25.333 - Flight maneuvering envelope.
- 25.335 - Design airspeeds.
- 25.337 - Limit maneuvering load factors.
- 25.341 - Gust and turbulence loads.
- 25.343 - Design fuel and oil loads.
- 25.345 - High lift devices.
- 25.349 - Rolling conditions.
- 25.351 - Yaw maneuver conditions.
- 25.353 - Rudder control reversal conditions.
- 25.361 - Engine torque.
- 25.362 - Engine failure loads.
- 25.363 - Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts.
- 25.365 - Pressurized compartment loads.
- 25.367 - Unsymmetrical loads due to engine failure.
- 25.371 - Gyroscopic loads.
- 25.373 - Speed control devices.
- 25.391 - Control surface loads: General.
- 25.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.
- 25.395 - Control system.
- 25.397 - Control system loads.
- 25.399 - Dual control system.
- 25.405 - Secondary control system.
- 25.407 - Trim tab effects.
- 25.409 - Tabs.
- 25.415 - Ground gust conditions.
- 25.427 - Unsymmetrical loads.
- 25.445 - Auxiliary aerodynamic surfaces.
- 25.457 - Wing flaps.
- 25.459 - Special devices.
- 25.471 - General.
- 25.473 - Landing load conditions and assumptions.
- 25.477 - Landing gear arrangement.
- 25.479 - Level landing conditions.
- 25.481 - Tail-down landing conditions.
- 25.483 - One-gear landing conditions.
- 25.485 - Side load conditions.
- 25.487 - Rebound landing condition.
- 25.489 - Ground handling conditions.
- 25.491 - Taxi, takeoff and landing roll.
- 25.493 - Braked roll conditions.
- 25.495 - Turning.
- 25.497 - Tail-wheel yawing.
- 25.499 - Nose-wheel yaw and steering.
- 25.503 - Pivoting.
- 25.507 - Reversed braking.
- 25.509 - Towing loads.
- 25.511 - Ground load: unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units.
- 25.519 - Jacking and tie-down provisions.
- 25.521 - General.
- 25.523 - Design weights and center of gravity positions.
- 25.525 - Application of loads.
- 25.527 - Hull and main float load factors.
- 25.529 - Hull and main float landing conditions.
- 25.531 - Hull and main float takeoff condition.
- 25.533 - Hull and main float bottom pressures.
- 25.535 - Auxiliary float loads.
- 25.537 - Seawing loads.
- 25.561 - General.
- 25.562 - Emergency landing dynamic conditions.
- 25.563 - Structural ditching provisions.
- 25.571 - Damage-tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.
- 25.581 - Lightning protection.
Subpart D—Design and Construction
- 25.601 - General.
- 25.603 - Materials.
- 25.605 - Fabrication methods.
- 25.607 - Fasteners.
- 25.609 - Protection of structure.
- 25.611 - Accessibility provisions.
- 25.613 - Material strength properties and material design values.
- 25.619 - Special factors.
- 25.621 - Casting factors.
- 25.623 - Bearing factors.
- 25.625 - Fitting factors.
- 25.629 - Aeroelastic stability requirements.
- 25.631 - Bird strike damage.
- 25.651 - Proof of strength.
- 25.655 - Installation.
- 25.657 - Hinges.
- 25.671 - General.
- 25.672 - Stability augmentation and automatic and power-operated systems.
- 25.675 - Stops.
- 25.677 - Trim systems.
- 25.679 - Control system gust locks.
- 25.681 - Limit load static tests.
- 25.683 - Operation tests.
- 25.685 - Control system details.
- 25.689 - Cable systems.
- 25.693 - Joints.
- 25.697 - Lift and drag devices, controls.
- 25.699 - Lift and drag device indicator.
- 25.701 - Flap and slat interconnection.
- 25.703 - Takeoff warning system.
- 25.721 - General.
- 25.723 - Shock absorption tests.
- 25.725–25.727 - [Reserved]
- 25.729 - Retracting mechanism.
- 25.731 - Wheels.
- 25.733 - Tires.
- 25.735 - Brakes and braking systems.
- 25.737 - Skis.
- 25.751 - Main float buoyancy.
- 25.753 - Main float design.
- 25.755 - Hulls.
- 25.771 - Pilot compartment.
- 25.772 - Pilot compartment doors.
- 25.773 - Pilot compartment view.
- 25.775 - Windshields and windows.
- 25.777 - Cockpit controls.
- 25.779 - Motion and effect of cockpit controls.
- 25.781 - Cockpit control knob shape.
- 25.783 - Fuselage doors.
- 25.785 - Seats, berths, safety belts, and harnesses.
- 25.787 - Stowage compartments.
- 25.789 - Retention of items of mass in passenger and crew compartments and galleys.
- 25.791 - Passenger information signs and placards.
- 25.793 - Floor surfaces.
- 25.795 - Security considerations.
- 25.801 - Ditching.
- 25.803 - Emergency evacuation.
- 25.807 - Emergency exits.
- 25.809 - Emergency exit arrangement.
- 25.810 - Emergency egress assist means and escape routes.
- 25.811 - Emergency exit marking.
- 25.812 - Emergency lighting.
- 25.813 - Emergency exit access.
- 25.815 - Width of aisle.
- 25.817 - Maximum number of seats abreast.
- 25.819 - Lower deck service compartments (including galleys).
- 25.820 - Lavatory doors.
- 25.831 - Ventilation.
- 25.832 - Cabin ozone concentration.
- 25.833 - Combustion heating systems.
- 25.841 - Pressurized cabins.
- 25.843 - Tests for pressurized cabins.
- 25.851 - Fire extinguishers.
- 25.853 - Compartment interiors.
- 25.854 - Lavatory fire protection.
- 25.855 - Cargo or baggage compartments.
- 25.856 - Thermal/Acoustic insulation materials.
- 25.857 - Cargo compartment classification.
- 25.858 - Cargo or baggage compartment smoke or fire detection systems.
- 25.859 - Combustion heater fire protection.
- 25.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection.
- 25.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure.
- 25.867 - Fire protection: other components.
- 25.869 - Fire protection: systems.
- 25.871 - Leveling means.
- 25.875 - Reinforcement near propellers.
- 25.899 - Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity.
Subpart E—Powerplant
- 25.901 - Installation.
- 25.903 - Engines.
- 25.904 - Automatic takeoff thrust control system (ATTCS).
- 25.905 - Propellers.
- 25.907 - Propeller vibration and fatigue.
- 25.925 - Propeller clearance.
- 25.929 - Propeller deicing.
- 25.933 - Reversing systems.
- 25.934 - Turbojet engine thrust reverser system tests.
- 25.937 - Turbopropeller-drag limiting systems.
- 25.939 - Turbine engine operating characteristics.
- 25.941 - Inlet, engine, and exhaust compatibility.
- 25.943 - Negative acceleration.
- 25.945 - Thrust or power augmentation system.
- 25.951 - General.
- 25.952 - Fuel system analysis and test.
- 25.953 - Fuel system independence.
- 25.954 - Fuel system lightning protection.
- 25.955 - Fuel flow.
- 25.957 - Flow between interconnected tanks.
- 25.959 - Unusable fuel supply.
- 25.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation.
- 25.963 - Fuel tanks: general.
- 25.965 - Fuel tank tests.
- 25.967 - Fuel tank installations.
- 25.969 - Fuel tank expansion space.
- 25.971 - Fuel tank sump.
- 25.973 - Fuel tank filler connection.
- 25.975 - Fuel tank vents and carburetor vapor vents.
- 25.977 - Fuel tank outlet.
- 25.979 - Pressure fueling system.
- 25.981 - Fuel tank explosion prevention.
- 25.991 - Fuel pumps.
- 25.993 - Fuel system lines and fittings.
- 25.994 - Fuel system components.
- 25.995 - Fuel valves.
- 25.997 - Fuel strainer or filter.
- 25.999 - Fuel system drains.
- 25.1001 - Fuel jettisoning system.
- 25.1011 - General.
- 25.1013 - Oil tanks.
- 25.1015 - Oil tank tests.
- 25.1017 - Oil lines and fittings.
- 25.1019 - Oil strainer or filter.
- 25.1021 - Oil system drains.
- 25.1023 - Oil radiators.
- 25.1025 - Oil valves.
- 25.1027 - Propeller feathering system.
- 25.1041 - General.
- 25.1043 - Cooling tests.
- 25.1045 - Cooling test procedures.
- 25.1091 - Air induction.
- 25.1093 - Induction system icing protection.
- 25.1101 - Carburetor air preheater design.
- 25.1103 - Induction system ducts and air duct systems.
- 25.1105 - Induction system screens.
- 25.1107 - Inter-coolers and after-coolers.
- 25.1121 - General.
- 25.1123 - Exhaust piping.
- 25.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers.
- 25.1127 - Exhaust driven turbo-superchargers.
- 25.1141 - Powerplant controls: general.
- 25.1142 - Auxiliary power unit controls.
- 25.1143 - Engine controls.
- 25.1145 - Ignition switches.
- 25.1147 - Mixture controls.
- 25.1149 - Propeller speed and pitch controls.
- 25.1153 - Propeller feathering controls.
- 25.1155 - Reverse thrust and propeller pitch settings below the flight regime.
- 25.1157 - Carburetor air temperature controls.
- 25.1159 - Supercharger controls.
- 25.1161 - Fuel jettisoning system controls.
- 25.1163 - Powerplant accessories.
- 25.1165 - Engine ignition systems.
- 25.1167 - Accessory gearboxes.
- 25.1181 - Designated fire zones; regions included.
- 25.1182 - Nacelle areas behind firewalls, and engine pod attaching structures containing flammable fluid lines.
- 25.1183 - Flammable fluid-carrying components.
- 25.1185 - Flammable fluids.
- 25.1187 - Drainage and ventilation of fire zones.
- 25.1189 - Shutoff means.
- 25.1191 - Firewalls.
- 25.1192 - Engine accessory section diaphragm.
- 25.1193 - Cowling and nacelle skin.
- 25.1195 - Fire extinguishing systems.
- 25.1197 - Fire extinguishing agents.
- 25.1199 - Extinguishing agent containers.
- 25.1201 - Fire extinguishing system materials.
- 25.1203 - Fire detector system.
- 25.1207 - Compliance.
Subpart F—Equipment
- 25.1301 - Function and installation.
- 25.1302 - Installed systems and equipment for use by the flightcrew.
- 25.1303 - Flight and navigation instruments.
- 25.1305 - Powerplant instruments.
- 25.1307 - Miscellaneous equipment.
- 25.1309 - Equipment, systems, and installations.
- 25.1310 - Power source capacity and distribution.
- 25.1316 - Electrical and electronic system lightning protection.
- 25.1317 - High-intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Protection.
- 25.1321 - Arrangement and visibility.
- 25.1322 - Flightcrew alerting.
- 25.1323 - Airspeed indicating system.
- 25.1324 - Angle of attack system.
- 25.1325 - Static pressure systems.
- 25.1326 - Pitot heat indication systems.
- 25.1327 - Magnetic direction indicator.
- 25.1329 - Flight guidance system.
- 25.1331 - Instruments using a power supply.
- 25.1333 - Instrument systems.
- 25.1337 - Powerplant instruments.
- 25.1351 - General.
- 25.1353 - Electrical equipment and installations.
- 25.1355 - Distribution system.
- 25.1357 - Circuit protective devices.
- 25.1360 - Precautions against injury.
- 25.1362 - Electrical supplies for emergency conditions.
- 25.1363 - Electrical system tests.
- 25.1365 - Electrical appliances, motors, and transformers.
- 25.1381 - Instrument lights.
- 25.1383 - Landing lights.
- 25.1385 - Position light system installation.
- 25.1387 - Position light system dihedral angles.
- 25.1389 - Position light distribution and intensities.
- 25.1391 - Minimum intensities in the horizontal plane of forward and rear position lights.
- 25.1393 - Minimum intensities in any vertical plane of forward and rear position lights.
- 25.1395 - Maximum intensities in overlapping beams of forward and rear position lights.
- 25.1397 - Color specifications.
- 25.1399 - Riding light.
- 25.1401 - Anticollision light system.
- 25.1403 - Wing icing detection lights.
- 25.1411 - General.
- 25.1415 - Ditching equipment.
- 25.1419 - Ice protection.
- 25.1420 - Supercooled large drop icing conditions.
- 25.1421 - Megaphones.
- 25.1423 - Public address system.
- 25.1431 - Electronic equipment.
- 25.1433 - Vacuum systems.
- 25.1435 - Hydraulic systems.
- 25.1438 - Pressurization and pneumatic systems.
- 25.1439 - Protective breathing equipment.
- 25.1441 - Oxygen equipment and supply.
- 25.1443 - Minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen.
- 25.1445 - Equipment standards for the oxygen distributing system.
- 25.1447 - Equipment standards for oxygen dispensing units.
- 25.1449 - Means for determining use of oxygen.
- 25.1450 - Chemical oxygen generators.
- 25.1453 - Protection of oxygen equipment from rupture.
- 25.1455 - Draining of fluids subject to freezing.
- 25.1457 - Cockpit voice recorders.
- 25.1459 - Flight data recorders.
- 25.1461 - Equipment containing high energy rotors.
Subpart G—Operating Limitations and Information
- 25.1501 - General.
- 25.1503 - Airspeed limitations: general.
- 25.1505 - Maximum operating limit speed.
- 25.1507 - Maneuvering speed.
- 25.1511 - Flap extended speed.
- 25.1513 - Minimum control speed.
- 25.1515 - Landing gear speeds.
- 25.1516 - Other speed limitations.
- 25.1517 - Rough air speed, VRA.
- 25.1519 - Weight, center of gravity, and weight distribution.
- 25.1521 - Powerplant limitations.
- 25.1522 - Auxiliary power unit limitations.
- 25.1523 - Minimum flight crew.
- 25.1525 - Kinds of operation.
- 25.1527 - Ambient air temperature and operating altitude.
- 25.1529 - Instructions for Continued Airworthiness.
- 25.1531 - Maneuvering flight load factors.
- 25.1533 - Additional operating limitations.
- 25.1535 - ETOPS approval.
- 25.1541 - General.
- 25.1543 - Instrument markings: general.
- 25.1545 - Airspeed limitation information.
- 25.1547 - Magnetic direction indicator.
- 25.1549 - Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments.
- 25.1551 - Oil quantity indication.
- 25.1553 - Fuel quantity indicator.
- 25.1555 - Control markings.
- 25.1557 - Miscellaneous markings and placards.
- 25.1561 - Safety equipment.
- 25.1563 - Airspeed placard.
- 25.1581 - General.
- 25.1583 - Operating limitations.
- 25.1585 - Operating procedures.
- 25.1587 - Performance information.
Subpart H—Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS)
- 25.1701 - Definition.
- 25.1703 - Function and installation: EWIS.
- 25.1705 - Systems and functions: EWIS.
- 25.1707 - System separation: EWIS.
- 25.1709 - System safety: EWIS.
- 25.1711 - Component identification: EWIS.
- 25.1713 - Fire protection: EWIS.
- 25.1715 - Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity: EWIS.
- 25.1717 - Circuit protective devices: EWIS.
- 25.1719 - Accessibility provisions: EWIS.
- 25.1721 - Protection of EWIS.
- 25.1723 - Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS.
- 25.1725 - Powerplants: EWIS.
- 25.1727 - Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS.
- 25.1729 - Instructions for Continued Airworthiness: EWIS.
- 25.1733 - Fire detector systems, general: EWIS.